Student Loan Crisis Is A Crisis - 870 Words

Seventy percent of college graduates left school with almost thirty thousand dollars in student loans. (Johnson, â€Å"Student Loans†) There is currently a debate about whether or not student loans are a crisis or if this crisis is just a myth. In the article, â€Å"Here’s Your Crisis: Student Loan Debt Isn’t A Myth,† it describes how student loans are a huge crisis, and the article, â€Å"The Myth of the Student Loan Crisis† is about how college students’ loans do not amount to a crisis. The student loan crisis is a legitimate problem, not a myth. College students do not realize the risks they take when they acquire student loans. Student loans can and do have negative effects on the economy and there are also hardships the students will face in the future. One reason that supports the issue of student loans being a crisis is the negative effects on the economy. For example, students who are in debt cannot spend money on expensive items. People who want nice cars, jacked-up trucks, enormous boats, and other items will not be able to afford these items. Also, student loans are responsible for the second highest form of consumer debt. (Denhart, â€Å"College Crisis Is Crippling†) Higher national debt means fewer jobs and increased interest rates. Lastly, is the inability to start new businesses, which would benefit the economy, due to income debt ratio. These three examples show the negative effects on the economy from student loans. In addition, students will take on these loans withoutShow MoreRelatedStudent Loan Crisis1592 Words   |  7 PagesStudent Loan Crisis Beginning in the 1960’s the distribution of federal and non-profit funds have given students all over the United States the opportunity to pursue post-secondary educations. Although this method has given students the ability to go to college financially, the majority of the students are not able to pay the money back when finished causing debt. Currently students in the United States owe more than $1 trillion dollars worth of federal and private student loans. Surprisingly thisRead MoreThe Student Loan Debt Crisis1247 Words   |  5 Pages The Student Loan Debt Crisis Student loan debt has overtime become an unpleasant part of life for millions of Americans and especially borrowers. It is possible to identify the types of people who went through college and borrowed financial loans from those that went through college and did not go to college or those that went but did not borrow. The debt crisis directly affects the families of the borrowers, those with high debt burdens and advanced degrees. Despite the increased length in loanRead MoreThe Issue Of The Student Loan Crisis1762 Words   |  8 PagesAs of 2016, the average college graduate owes thirty-seven thousand dollars in loans (Glum). As a whole, Americans owe a grand total of 1.3 trillion dollars. These are figures that grow every year, and worse, the number of people who are defaulting on their payments grows as well. The issue of the student loan crisis is serious, which is why potential solutions are now being discussed. Presidential candidates for the election of 2016 have discussed so lutions that range from Hillary Clinton’s debt-freeRead MoreThe Student Loan Debt Crisis1873 Words   |  8 PagesCollege, originally deemed as the pointer to guaranteed employment, financial stability, and an indicator of success, has been declared in jeopardy. Topping the credit card debt and many household debts, the student loan debt has been pronounced the next potential financial disaster in the U.S. With 2014’s numbers currently exceeding $1.2 trillion, the debt figures have reached about twice of 2007’s remaining debt (Akers, 2014). Gone are the days when a parent could send a child to the state universityRead MoreStudent Loan Debt Crisis Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesStudent Loan Debt Crisis What do you think of when you hear the words college graduate? Well, in most scenarios, these words would be exciting to someone that just graduated college who have put in years of hard work and dedication to better educate and promote themselves for their future careers. Sadly enough, this is too far common not the case. In today’s society, students are graduating college with piles of debt at an alarming rate. With a troubled economy that is recovering from a recessionRead MoreStudent Loan Debt Is A Financial Crisis1700 Words   |  7 Pagesincreases the pile of debt students may graduate with gets bigger and bigger. This problem is America’s next sizeable financial crisis, but this crisis however is avoidable. Student loan debt is a financial bubble waiting to blow up just as the housing market collapse did in 2007, which the country is only just now starting to see signs of recovery from. The cost of a four-year degree has seen increases that surpass inflation an d health care costs. Likewise, the amount of student loan debt is now greaterRead MoreThe Problem Of Student Loan Crisis1574 Words   |  7 PagesThe student loan trouble is surely a big problem in our society: college students are struggling giant quantities of student debt, and they re defaulting on that debt and making their potential to get admission to future credit score awful already. The procedures to student loan debt series are filled up with problems, in addition to wrong recovery strategies and critical concerning compensation alternatives. However, the recent public procedure discussions pass over among the key problems thatRead MoreStudent Loan Crisis Research Paper1332 Words   |  6 PagesMore Affordable Many of the protesters occupying Wall Street and other places say they are upset about the rising price of going to college. There is little dispute today that the number of students who have debt has increased, and that the amount of money they have borrowed has gone up (Billitteri). Many students incur large amounts of debt that will never pay dividends in higher wages or greater job satisfaction, and they graduate into a world with weak employment prospects. Its a betrayal of theRead MoreShould Student Loan Debt Be A National Crisis?865 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough many people are considering student loan debt to be a national crisis, we must understand the reality behind it. Unfortunately not everyone is fortunate enough to make it through college without accumulating debt. In Robin Wilson’s essay, â€Å"A Lifetime of Student Debt? Not Likely†, she makes a compelling argument that shows how students get involved with really high debt. She claims, â€Å"†¦the problem among students who go heavily into debt is that they are determined to attend their dream collegeRead MoreStudent Loan Debt Is The Biggest Economic Crisis Or Threat?1755 Words   |  8 Pagesto the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, student loan debt has reached a new milestone, crossing the $1.2 trillion mark — $1 trillion of that in federal student loan debt. Since 1993, the trend keeps getting higher and higher every year. Student loan debts has been showing a crippling effect on the economy as the debt gets deeper. Student loan debt is known to be the biggest economic crisis or threat. Although you might have not have any student loans, his huge debt could still impact your financial

Effects of Child Poverty in Africa - 1780 Words

Effects of Child Poverty in Africa Throughout the world, children suffer and die every day from issues caused by poverty, a large number of poor children are in Africa. Poverty is the leading problem for the African children causing not only physical health issues; but emotional, educational, and social problems as well. Many of these children are very sick from the water they drink, not having enough food, or from extremely contagious diseases passed throughout their villages. Although poverty has the worst effect on people in Africa, poverty is a problem everywhere. It leaves people hungry, and sick, and with no real place to sleep. Some solutions to poverty are simple, but more people are needed to want to help. If more people†¦show more content†¦All of these diseases being serious, long-term infections, which kill many people every day. There’s a huge impact poverty has on people all over the world. Although people try to ignore it, everywhere you look there are people struggling with poverty and the effects from it. There are a lot of reasons why our world is so affected by poverty, one reason being the world is so over populated. Since there are so many people in the world there is not enough jobs for people, which leaves people with very low paying or no job. â€Å"Over population can not only result in poor conditions, but it can also result in poor environments. Poor or degraded natural environments are also considered to be causes of poverty.† (â€Å"World Poverty.† 1) Another reason why poverty affects our world is there aren’t enough schools to educate people. If there was more schools to educate people, it wouldn’t be so hard for some people to get jobs that could help support them and their families. Also, resources are not evenly distributed throughout the world where they are mostly needed. Most of the world’s resources are only in richer countries, when people in developing countries like Africa and Asia need them the most. Many people have minimum wage jobs and that doesn’t pay enough for people to be able to pay for a place to live, get enough food for them and their family,Show MoreRelatedCause Of Poverty In Africa976 Words   |  4 Pagesconcern with poverty in the developing world. Lack of money has been the major cause of extreme poverty in many countries of the world for a long time. This is the biggest problem in Africa. Many different groups of people are being affected by this. This can cause terrible suffering and possibly even death. Poverty is the biggest problem because it leads to poaching, piracy, and the issue with child laboring and trafficking. Poaching is one of the leading effects of the poverty in Africa. There areRead MoreThe University Of Texas Of The Permian Basin Essay1002 Words   |  5 Pages Global Poverty Naraly Rodriguez Dr. Davor Jedlicka Introduction to Sociology Fall B 2016 The University of Texas of the Permian Basin Essay Topic #3: Global Poverty â€Æ' Being poor can mean something to one individual compared to another. Whether it is not having clean water to drink or not being able to afford a new laptop. Poverty is very broad, without a single definition. Africa has the majority of the poorest countries in the world. With that being said, the overall African incomeRead MorePoverty in Places Such as Africa786 Words   |  3 PagesThere are many different forces that cause poverty in America as well as other places around the world. All countries and or territories have some type of poverty, No one can deny that. Different forces such as bad government policy, overpopulation, high standards of living, costs of living, environmental degradation, and lack of individual responsibility are some of the forces that contribute to poverty. The poor in developing countries are trapped. They lack education, good nutrition, and a safeRead MoreAfrica Is The Second Largest Continent Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesProject Kwanele Although Africa is the second largest continent, one can say poverty is an ever-present situation (Abebe and Quaicoe, 2014). Largely due to historical background, social inequalities are the foundation of poverty in Africa. The continent has, for decades, been viewed as the epitome of poverty, with many countries plagued by unemployment, malnutrition, lack of education and limited access to healthcare. The difficulty with this is that poverty then becomes a viscous cycle, passed onRead More Early Marriage Essay1131 Words   |  5 Pagespractice of marrying girls at a young age is most common in Sub-Saharan African and South Asia. There are specific parts of West Africa and East Africa and of South Asia where marriages before puberty are not unusual. However, the Centre also notes that marriage shortly after puberty is common among those living traditional lifestyles in the Middle East, North Africa and other parts of Asia. Marriages of female adolescents between sixteen and eighteen are common in parts of Latin America and EasternRead MoreEducation, Poor Health Care Services, And Lack Of Modern Technology1626 Words   |  7 Pageseducation, poor health care services, and lack of modern technology, are all global issues that lead to today’s health care crisis in South Africa. There are many negative images of Africa and its people that are learned by reading and listening to documentaries and following the news. Everything negative from the genocide in Rwanda to child sex trafficking, extreme poverty, high mortality rates and government corruption. Taking aside the legacy of colonialism and racial and ethnic inequalities in someRead MoreImproved Status for Women1455 Words   |  6 PagesCAN CITIES BE SEEN AS ENIGINES OF IMPROVED STATUS AND LIVELIHOODS FOR WOMEN? INTRODUCTION In the past women were seen as nothing more than child-bearers and housekeepers, only worthy of being their husband’s servants, unable to be financially independent. However, due to factors such as the progression of time and the urbanisation of cities it is no longer the case. Cities are â€Å"relatively large, dense and permanent human settlements†, they â€Å"also referred to as towns, urban agglomerations or urbanRead MoreConventional Wisdom Dictates That Improving Agricultural Productivity951 Words   |  4 Pagesproductivity, either through irrigation projects or the introduction of genetically modified crops, is the key step in ending rural poverty in sub-Saharan poverty. Our research overturns this assumption. By using a global poverty map and standard soil productivity measures, we find that the regions in sub-Saharan Africa with better soil quality actually experience higher rates of poverty. Our dataset consisted of 5334 subnational units from 46 sub-Saharan African countries. For soil quality, we used a seven-dimensionRead MoreShould We Need A Homemade Meals?1351 Words   |  6 Pagesalmost on a daily basis asking for something to eat because they didn’t eat at home. Mostly because it was near the end of the month, and they had ran out of food. Many times when we think of malnourished children, our first thought is children in Africa, or other underdeveloped countries. Yet some children here in the United States also suffer from malnutrition. In the article Shocking Need: American kids go hungry, it is stated that â€Å"As many as 17 million children nationwide are struggling withRead MoreThe Effects Of Child Labor On The Chocolate Industry1669 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Child Labor in the Chocolate Industry: December 6, 2015, was an important day for many Americans, as it marked the 150th year since the abolishment of slavery when the U.S. authorized the 13th Amendment to the Constitution to end what can be described as the darkest chapter of American history. Many in Western Society seem to be unaware of the contemporary slavery still plaguing many developing countries, particularly involving children. The 2010 documentary film called The Dark Side

Human Resource Management and Professionalism

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Management and Professionalism. Answer: Introduction: The purpose of the essay is to analyse the role of strategic human resource management in managing the work force in organisational context. Justitia is an Australian law firm which uses the flexible system of work life balance. The firm allocates its human resources according to the convenience of the employees. This allows the legal professionals working in the firm to enjoy a balance between their personal lives and the legal profession. This approach appears to be having lack of professionalism and create problem for the clients. The reality is just the opposite of the traditional paradigm. The flexible system allows the lawyers to time their jobs which allow them to spend time with their families. This creates motivation and job satisfaction which encourages them to serve their clients better. Today, like Justitia many companies are breaking out of the fixed hour paradigm and embracing the work life balance system. The objective of the essay is to analyse the significance of work life balance in the present day work places. The theories of human resource management have come a long way to attain the importance they have gained today. The term was coined by Peter Drucker who contributed largely to the development of human resource theory and is often addressed as the father of modern management. He also worked on related theory like organisational behaviour, innovation and entrepreneurship (Drucker, 2014). The companies prior to the advent of modern technology and empowerment of human resources viewed them as mere production centres. Technology, on the other hand, has empowered the human resources to participate in the strategic decision making process. Today companies view look upon their employees as the reason behind the core strengths. Henry Fayol (2016) in his theory described the performances of employees as a reflection of the management. This empowerment of employees allowed them to establish a balance between their professionals and their personal commitments. Work Life Balance or WLB is one of the least researched and studied concepts even today. The legal firm of Justitia is adept at dealing with private and public cases. Their flexible working pattern helps them to minimise role conflict among their employees and maximise their job satisfaction (Haar et al., 2014). This vast expanse of their job and the pressure associated with the legal career necessitated Justitia to follow a flexible timing schedule. Professionals are expected to serve clients to the highest standard of in order meet deadlines unfailingly. This puts a lot of physical stress on them. Researches show that such extreme pressure creates depression and suicidal tendencies even among the richest lawyers and doctors (Rogers, Creed Searle, 2014). Thus, work life balance method of Justicia helps professionals like them to carry on their professions efficiently. The official website of the Australian law firm reveals the flexible and collaborative mode of operations of the firm (justitia.com.au, 2017). The legal firm clearly boasts of its flexible and innovative modus operandi but this method has certain disadvantages too. This disadvantage can be countered by the fact that profession of law requires the legal professionals and their clients to meet several times to discuss cases. Flexible timing will allow people to choose their work schedule which may not be aligned to the requirements of the clients. The clients may view this as a lack of sincerity compared to conventional time based legal services. Several lawyers meet the clients simultaneously and discuss the cases. Thus, the lawyers present have complete knowledge about cases and can serve the clients in absence of one another. Justitia charges its clients between $195 and $500 an hour and has preferential pricing for its loyal clients. Thus, considering its pricing strategy it can be inferred that the firm has a strong clientele which favours its flexible working schedules. The disadvantage of flexible work schedules here is a small firm cannot afford to employ so many employees like Justitia. Again, in support of its working methods it can be argued that law is a demanding profession. Professionals should have flexible working schedules which will them to enjoy personal lives and enhance job satisfaction. This would motivate them and help them to serve their high profile clients better. The work life balance and voluntary working patterns of employees create a problem because the timely attendance is considered as a criteria of judging them. However, the managers should train themselves to be flexible with their employees and give their performances more importance over their attendance (Albdour Altarawneh, 2014). Employees may use this system to escape their responsibilities and miss deadlines. However, firm today use technological means to monitor their employees and their performances. This allows the employers control insincere employees while they can give more privileges to the sincere employees (Viktoria Kenning, 2014). Chen and Karahanna (2014) in their work pointed out that technology have made it possible to professionals to carry their documents virtually everywhere blurring the line between home and office. It can be pointed that the technical expertise of the firm has helped it to opt for flexible timing. This mode of operation is also viable in other industries from different sectors. This flexible working pattern can be applied in the client based service industry. This mode of working is extremely viable and is in operation in the other service industries. Vodafone, the British communication giant allows its employees to work in a flexible manner which increases their motivation and job satisfaction. The practice has also enhanced the employee productivity in the company (vodafone.co.uk, 2017). Beck (2014) in his work titled The Brave New World of Work opines that today flexible work is not looked upon as leisure but as a political right to work. Justitias flexible working method is preferred by the modern competitive service industry against the traditional time bound paradigm. Compared to the past years more professional are working on full time basis in various organisations. Doctors work in hospitals; lawyers (as in the example) work in legal firms, armed professionals in armies and so on. The very nature of these professions demands more attention towards requirements of the clients compared to stringent time frames. Thus, this flexible timing finds use in several other big and smalls firms like hospitals, nursing homes, security agencies, pharmaceutical companies and so on. The flexible work life balance environment is prevalent to a great extent in the banking and retail chain industries. Banks and retail chains often allow their employees to work according to their convenience and have a suitable work life balance. One such bank to encourage flexible working pattern to its employees is the HSBC Bank which is based in London and a retail chain is Marks and Spencer (careers.marksandspencer.com, 2017). The flexible working pattern and WLB are integral parts of the remuneration policies of these global organisations. The employees can work as per their discretion like working from home or as per their choice. They are technologically very strong which allows them to create virtual platforms where employees can work together blurring physical distances (hsbc.com plc, 2017). Although this pattern is acceptable in the big MNCs, the SMEs have failed to implement it due to various reasons (couriermail.com.au, 2017). The system of work life balance is becoming common in many other sectors like the insurance sectors in Australia. Vero Insurance is a domestic insurance company in Australia whose operations are restricted within the country. The insurance company is offering flexible working options to its employees so that they are able to satisfy both professional and personal requirements. An article says that this working style will allow even small domestic insurance companies like Vero to attract talents like the multinational insurance companies. The article says this system is very crucial because it will help the companies to replenish their aging work forces with new young vibrant and dynamic young staffs (vero.com.au, 2017). The first recommendation to these companies is that they should apply flexible working hours as a part of their employee policies (Kotey Kotey, 2017). The managers secondly, should be able to trust their subordinates who in turn should be committed to their service quality and productivity goals (Featherstone, 2017). The third recommendation that can be made is that the companies should change their outlook towards judging employee performances. Even today firms consider attendance a performance parameter and managers are accustomed to that practice. The management should encourage employee empowerment and involve them in making strategic policies (Renwick, Redman Maguire, 2013). This will make the employees feel more responsible towards their commitments and will be more productive. The managements should accordingly judge their employees on the ground of their productivity and commitments and not on the attendance based system. The fourth recommendation is that the companies should upgrade their official communication systems which will allow conferencing and work sharing on real time basis (Pfaff et al. 2015). The fifth recommendation is that the managers should set deadlines after consulting the employees but supervise them strictly (Hope Fraser, 2013). The last recommendation is that the employees should be sincere and target focussed. The positions of the employees in organisation have evolved from mere factors of production to the crux of strategic planning. Several industries today encourage flexible working hours and WLB concentrating more on employee productivity and professionalism. However, there are still many companies, especially the small ones who do not allow flexible working hours. It can be opined and summed up that the management and the employees should work together in these fields to create a work culture based on flexibility and professionalism. References: Albdour, A.A. Altarawneh, I.I., 2014. Employee engagement and organizational commitment: Evidence from Jordan.International Journal of Business,19(2), p.192. Australia is failing to embrace flexible working. (2017). Couriermail.com.au. Retrieved 24 March 2017, from https://www.couriermail.com.au/business/breaking-news/australia-is-failing-to-embrace-flexible-working/news-story/a1a248c3bc52d0fe26d1e5b59e1ae653 Beck, U. (2014).The brave new world of work. John Wiley Sons. Benefits | HSBC Holdings plc. (2017). HSBC.com. Retrieved 23 March 2017, from https://www.hsbc.com/careers/why-hsbc/benefits Chen, A., Karahanna, E. (2014). Boundaryless technology: understanding the effects of technology-mediated interruptions across the boundaries between work and personal life.AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction,6(2), 16-36. Delahaye, B. (2015).Human resource development. Tilde Publishing. Drucker, P. (2014).Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. Fayol, H. (2016).General and industrial management. Ravenio Books. Featherstone, E. (2017). Why small businesses should embrace flexible working experts' views. the Guardian. Retrieved 24 March 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/small-business-network/2015/dec/04/why-small-business-embrace-flexible-working-experts-views Flexible working - corporate responsibility at Vodafone. (2017). Vodafone.co.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2017, from https://www.vodafone.co.uk/our-responsibilities/better-ways-of-working/flexible-working/ Haar, J. M., Russo, M., Sue, A., Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of worklife balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures.Journal of Vocational Behavior,85(3), 361-373. Hope, J., Fraser, R. (2013). the Budget.Budgetierung im Umbruch?,1, 71. Insurance Insights. (2017). vero.com. Retrieved 3 April 2017, from https://www.vero.com.au/vero/sites/default/files/Tomorrow%E2%80%99s%20insurance%20workforce%20-%20The%20future%20trends%20impacting%20the%20insurance%20industry_0.pdf Kotey, B. A., Kotey, B. A. (2017). Flexible working arrangements and strategic positions in SMEs.Personnel Review,46(2), 355-370. OUR PEOPLE | Justitia - Employment, Discrimination and Labour Relations Lawyers. (2017). Justitia.com.au. Retrieved 23 March 2017, from https://justitia.com.au/our-people/ Pfaff, B., Neff, T., Hansen, M., Wolf, M., Fremuth-Paeger, C., Heinrich, T. (2015).U.S. Patent Application No. 14/933,168. Renwick, D. W., Redman, T., Maguire, S. (2013). Green human resource management: A review and research agenda.International Journal of Management Reviews,15(1), 1-14. Rewards, Benefits and Training | MS Careers. (2017). Careers.marksandspencer.com. Retrieved 24 March 2017, from https://careers.marksandspencer.com/why-work-here Rogers, M.E., Creed, P.A. and Searle, J., 2014. Emotional labour, training stress, burnout, and depressive symptoms in junior doctors.Journal of Vocational Education Training,66(2), pp.232-248. Viktoria Rampl, L. Kenning, P., 2014. Employer brand trust and affect: linking brand personality to employer brand attractiveness.European Journal of Marketing,48(1/2), pp.218-236.

Lysanders love Essay Example

Lysanders love Paper The two women argue. Hermia accuses Helena of steeling Lysanders love from her and Helena argues that she is in on the act. Demetrius and Lysander begin to row about who loves Helena the most. The arguments are full of extreme dislike emotion and generate images of hell once again. There is a theme of jealousy here. Puck is told to fix his problems. He pretends to be each human to separate them and get the right couples together, Hermia and Lysander, and Helena and Demetrius. Titania is fussing over Bottom and the fairies are taking very good care of him too. Oberon begins to feel sorry for Titania falling in love with a so-called monster. He makes her fall back in love with him. She thinks she was having a bad dream when she wakes up back in love with her real partner. Theseus, Hippolyta and Egeus find the lovers and Bottom. Egeus is reminded that it is time for Hermia to make her decision about whether to live or die, but Demetrius interrupts and says he does not want to be with Hermia, as he does not lover her, he loves Helena. He believes you should be with the person you love, and not be forced into it. We will write a custom essay sample on Lysanders love specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lysanders love specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lysanders love specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Duke and Queen resolve the matter by allowing the two couples to be together for eternity. Bottom is left sleeping. Once again we have images of the sun and moon, they are symbolic of the natural forces having control over other things. They suggest magic fate and forces have an impact and influence on happenings. This also suggests and links into astrological horoscopes which many people read today. People try and change fate, to prevent bad things from occurring. The actors cannot find Bottom until when he decides to wake and shows up late. Everyone turns up to watch the play at the wedding. The play is performed with some comedic wit. The clock strikes twelve and it is the end of the Summer Solstace. Everything turns magical and is enhanced by the fairy world. A Midsummer Nights Dream is still a very important play today. It shows and teaches us of issues in and around love and furthermore magic. In the play Oberon serves as a magical counterpart to the human males and, thus, in his relationship to Titania, provides a different view of love and the relationship with the beloved. The magic that Oberon chooses to teach Titania a lesson is responsible for all the comic misadventures of the plot. The play additionally shows us how men and women treat each other. Hermia and Lysander demonstrate the relationship of undying love towards each other. On the other hand you have the relationship between father and daughter, Egeus and Hermia. Egeus wants Hermia to be with someone whom she does not love, and tries to threaten her. This illustrates that not only is Egeus being selfish, he is also being protective and wanting the best for his daughter. This establishes tension as the audience is left to decide whom they side with. Another example of how men and women treat each other is the association of Helena and Demetrius. Helena does all she can for Demetrius and is very affectionate towards him, however Demetrius dismisses her out of hand because he doesnt care for her. Still today we find families and partners arguing about love, you can even find arguing between men and women in the work place fighting for equal pay. This is one of the many reasons that A Midsummer Nights Dream is still important in todays society. This part of the play also symbolises arranged marriages in cultures and todays civilization. This is also shown through the battle of power between Oberon and Titania, and again today via religion. The play whats more presents to the audience the theme of magic, and the issue that magic, or even money cannot buy love. It displays that relationships are not an easy ride and do need working at. The course of true love never did run smooth. In the play the magic seems to do more harm than good, creating a moral to the story; magic can do no good, it is evil and can hurt people in many ways not realised. The idea of the play is revolved around the inspiration of the Summer Solstace. The Summer Solstace is the longest day of the year, and it is believed this is the day when amazing magical happenings occur. The background of the play and the framework is built around the Summer Solstace. All the things happening in the play, the lovers, the goings on in the fairy world and the mechanicals all have an effect on the outcome of the circumstance they are leading up to. A modern audience would have problems in understanding the context of the magic because in a play it is a lot harder to parade magic as you cannot use camera tricks as it is live, you need to demonstrate it visually. Shakespeares language creates word play with humour and misunderstandings.

Public and Private Policing free essay sample

There are many similarities, as well as differences between public and private policing; however, despite differences public and private police tend to mirror each other to a certain extent (Nalla Newman, 1990) Private policing serve as many roles in the community. Some of the major components of private policing are the alarm systems, investigative services and security guards. â€Å"Public police act on behalf of the government and society to enforce laws, maintain the peace, detect crime, respond to emergencies, assist victims of crime, and provide assistance in prosecuting offenders. (statcan. gc) Private police are seen to be concerned with the protection of personal and corporate interest while public police represent the interests of the public and enforce regulations of the judicial system. â€Å"Private policing, comparison to public policing, has been described as passive policing as to active policing, or as proactive and preventative rather than reactive: where public police generally react to the crime, private police through surveillance and presentation are seen to prevent crime (Wilson 1994) Private and public security has shared skills, experiences and security technologies such as video and training that bring them together. We will write a custom essay sample on Public and Private Policing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both sectors share the same goal and that is to protect the people and their property. Police recruits are to go through training requirements to ensure that they are suitable for the job; however, public police go through a more standarized training at colleges and academies while private police differ depending on company and offer minimun training standards. (statcan. gc) There are many differences between the private and public security sector. Private securities have the ability to pick and choose the tasks and duties that are performed. This is one of the main advantages that private policing has over public policing. Private security perform duties such as securing gated communities by checking for residency or employment; dress such as T-shirts and bare feet in businesses that require appropriate attire; and behavior such as loud music and obscene behavior. This is also referred to as profiling, which public police has often been accused. Unlike the public police, private police are not hampered by their regulatory actions by probable cause. Private policing usually operates behind the traditional and legal boundaries where the public police cannot lawfully cross unless by invitation or probable cause. This leads to the private policing sector having a broader enterprise than public policing, with a wider range of functions. (South, 1988, p. 4) Irivatv and public professionals have the authority to observe and report as well as the capability to act in good faith. With respect to the civil justice system, public officers have a qualified iminunity by Federal law against any civil lawsuits when acting in good faith. On the other hand, private security professionals have no qualified immunity against civil actions. Even private security professionals who act in good faith and follow the appropriate procedures on safety and security still have the possihility of civil actions being filed. Also, many of the laws that protect us from police abuse do not apply to the private sector. Constitutional safeguards that regulate police conduct, interrogation and evidence collection do not apply to private individuals. Information that is illegal for the government to collect about you can be collected by commercial data brokers, then purchased by the police. Weve all seen policemen reading people their rights on television cop shows. If youre detained by a private security guard, you dont have nearly as many rights. Another major benefit with the private providers of security is their flexibility. They can, and will, perform most tasks they get paid to do. Their customers can demand a lot from them, since they are directly answerable to the paying clients and their needs. The private entrepreneurs are also forced to do right by the market. If they fail, they will lose their money. Public police do not have the negotiation factor and are paid on salary, no matter how they perform or how efficient they are in performing their duties Public and private policing are major components in the criminal justice field. It would be impossible for our communities to feel secure without the combination of both forces. The focus has been on public and private policing to effectively interact and cooperate with each other. Understanding the importance of one anothers responsibilities and roles could lead to a great partnership. Throughout recent years, some law enforcement agencies have come to realize how to benefit from private policing. Las Vegas uses private security as surveillance in the many hotels and casinos and police are called in for arrests.

The flypaper effect examines the impact of intergovernmental grants on local governments’ spending behaviour. The WritePass Journal

The flypaper effect examines the impact of intergovernmental grants on local governments’ spending behaviour. Introduction The flypaper effect examines the impact of intergovernmental grants on local governments’ spending behaviour. IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction The flypaper effect examines the impact of intergovernmental grants on local governments’ spending behaviour. Where one level of government is unable to provide public goods and services for another level of government it transfers money to that government to finance its own provision. The transfer of funds is usually from a higher level of government to lower levels. These intergovernmental grants are flows of money from federal or central government to local state governments. These grants change the income distribution and spending patterns of the local government. The flypaper effect is the concept of money from the central government to the local authorities sticking where it hits. Grants to the local government will be spent on goods and services in the local public economy and not be used somewhere else. When the local government receives a grant, it can choose to either spend it on increasing provision of public goods without increasing. Or cut taxes of its residents w hich increases their incomes. The effect the grant and tax cuts will have on local spending is dependent on the income elasticity of demand. Theory predicts that the effect of a lump sum grant on local spending will be equivalent to the effect of an increase in income from distributing the grant directly to local residents or indirectly through tax cuts. However this   theory has been disconfirmed by a number of empirical studies which is why the flypaper effect is considered as an anomaly inconsistent with economic theory[3]. A study by Gramlich (1977) found evidence which goes against the occurrence of this America. The studies show that the grant induces greater local spending than an equivalent cut in taxes does which is considered to be an anomaly. A 100$ increase in citizens’ income from a cut in taxes raises local governments spending by $5-$10, while lump sum grant on the other hand raises spending by $40-100$. The grant stimulates higher local spending than an equivalent increase in income from a cut in taxes would. Spending is stimulated by more than theory predicts. A number of researchers[4] have carr ied out studies to estimate the effect additional grants will have on local government spending. Even though all these studies were carried out in different ways they all report some degree of flypaper effects. The results from these studies show that an additional dollar increase in the grant can increases local government spending by anywhere around 25 to 106% of the additional dollar. Studies have been conducted to estimate the actual effect of different types of grants to the local governments. The magnitude of the flypaper effect will vary depending on the nature of the grant received as this influences the spending pattern of the local government. An open-ended matching grant which is a form of subsidy given to the local government has a larger effect on local spending as it induces both an income and substitution; as compared to an unconditional grant which the local government can spend grant any way it chooses to, or specific grants which are given with strings attached such as having to spend the grant on specific programmes such as on education. These have a smaller increase on local governments on spending. General and specific lump sum grants have the same effects on local government spending as they induce only an income effect. A lump sum grant also results in a smaller increase in local spending than an equivalent matching grant would. Where there are misspecifications on the type of grant received, this can create flypaper. Moffitt (1984) proved that taking the type of grant into consideration when estimating the flypaper effects avoids creating an upward bias and could eliminate the flypaper effect. Different explanations have been given as to why we observe these flypaper effects. One argument that has been made is that it is due to fiscal illusion. Some sources of government revenue are unobserved or partially unobserved by citizens who benefit when incomes from these sources are spent and increase their support for the government. Because these income sources are unknown to the citizens, they do not have to pay higher taxes or forego tax cuts for the increased expenditure on public goods and services to be financed. The government will have an incentive to increase spending of revenue from these unobserved sources which are subject to fiscal illusion to increase their support. This allows the local government to spend a higher amounts of grants resulting in the flypaper effect of money sticking where it hits. Oates’s model is based on the assumption of fiscal illusion with lack of full information on the part of citizens. When the local government receives a grant, this could be passed onto residents to increase incomes who increase their spending on public goods. The local government could instead decide to supply the good at a lower price which results in a greater increase in spending than that which results from the increased income. Residents are made to believe that the cost of the service is less that its actual cost. This makes the effects of the lump-sum grant is greater than that from increased incomes. The magnitude of the flypaper effect depends on the relative sizes of the income and price elasticities of demand. Oates estimation of these elasticities results in flypaper effects on local spending as an increase in income causes a 0.1 marginal increase and an increase in intergovernmental grant leads to a 0.4 increase. Because of information asymmetry citizens may confu se marginal and average price effects of grants which results in flypaper effects. The use of average instead of marginal prices can create an illusion that results in flypaper effects. The role of bureaucracy has also been given as another explanation for the flypaper effect. Self interested bureaucrats and politicians who aim to maximise the size of their budget are not acting it the interests the local citizens. However there is information asymmetry where the bureaucrats have more information than those in power which they take advantage on when requesting a budget to finance public expenditure. This allows the bureaucrats to spend additional grants received from the central government. To maximise the budget size they request a budget where the cost of provision is equal to benefit of consumption to residents. A specific matching grant to the local government reduces the cost of provision and the cost (price) of the good or service to citizens. According to King (1984) the increase in the bureau’s budget is greater than the amount of grant. For this to explain the flypaper effect the increase in income causes a smaller increase in the budget, and the gra nt should have a higher effect on local spending than the increase in income does. The Romer-Rosenthal model is built in an attempt to explain the role of bureaucrats in the occurrence of flypaper effects where local government spending may differ from what the traditional model predicts (increase in income and a grant having the same effect on spending). In their model increased income leaves local spending levels unchanged. This explains the flypaper effect as an equivalent increase in residents income will increase size of the budget by less than increased spending does. The flypaper effect is seen as an outcome of politics. The econometrics used in the estimations of the flypaper effect is given another reason as to why we observe the effects. Some omitted variables may result in an upward bias of the effect on a grant on local spending. It is argued that altering the variables and parameters used in the estimations should eliminate these effects. Becker (1996) substituted the commonly used linear equation with the logarithmic form which eliminates the evidence of flypaper effects. Other studies conducted altering these estimations still showed evidence of some degree of flypaper effects. Hamilton (1983) explained a significant proportion of the flypaper effects with the inclusion of relevant variables. Wyckoff(1991: 30) study argues that â€Å".. the flypaper effect is unlikely to fade away with the inclusion of these omitted variables†. Other relevant variables excluded include local government’s savings ration and residents expenditure on private sector alternatives. Another argument is the misspecification of the expenditure function due to the exclusion of some variables in the estimates of the flypaper effects such as not taking differing characteristics of localities and government behaviour into account. Or the use of inappropriate variables can result in flypaper effects. However even after taking these factor into account studies still showed evidence of flypaper effects. Not taking into account some of the biases created can also result in flypaper effects. Bruce Hamilton (1983) added to this argument that the underestimation of the propensity to spend on public goods from individual’s private income is also a reason why we observe flypaper effects. Additional explanations as to why the flypaper effects may occur can be due caution from local authorities. Where the local government is unsure about future intergovernmental grants, they would rather spend grants on local public expenditure rather than on tax cuts which may not occur in future years causing voter discontent. Because of the high transaction costs from tax changes, the government finds it more efficient to use the grant to increase local expenditure rather than to increase residents income via tax cuts, which could create a flypaper effect. Conflict between the interests of local citizens and bureaucrats can create flypaper effects.   Flypaper effects may occur because the local government believes that maintaining a high level of public expenditure will result in receiving additional grants. With differences in the estimations of the effect of grants from a number of empirical studies, this may suggest that some of these results overestimate the actual size of the flypaper effect. Where there are errors in the empirical studies, the reliability of the existence of flypaper effects and its size becomes biased. Empirical studies which prove the occurrence of flypaper effects reject the traditional theory of a grant and increased income having the same stimulatory effect on local spending . These empirical results however are flawed due to some statistical or specification error which leads to an overestimation of flypaper effects. There are a number of explanations given for why we observe flypaper effects, but none of these offer a full explanation of this giving only a part explanation of the flypaper effect. Further research into the flypaper effect is required to give a full explanation on it. References Bailey, S. and Connolly, S. The flypaper effect: Identifying areas for further research, Department of Economics, Glasgow Caledonian University, Scotland, U.K., Accepted 31 October 1997. Becker, E. (1996). The Illusion of Fiscal Illusion: Unsticking the Flypaper Effect, Public Choice 86, 1-2, 85-102. Cullis, J and Jones, P. Public Finance and Public Choice, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press. Dahlberg, M. et al. Local Taxes and spending: Estimating the Flypaper Effect Using a Discontinuous Grant Rule. Inman, R. The Flypaper Effect. Lalvani, M. The Flypaper Effect: Evidence from India. University of Mumbai, Economics. Public Budgeting and Finance, vol 22. Pp 67-88, 200. Mueller, D. Public Choice 3. Cambridge University Press.

PTSD Posttraumatic stress disorder Research Paper

PTSD Posttraumatic stress disorder - Research Paper Example The treatment through medicines is considered to be a one-way therapy, whereas there are certain medications that have showed a positive influence on the patient. Now, the question is why there isn’t a successful medication for the treatment of PTSD. PTSD is classified as a type of anxiety disorder, which is said to be manageable after taking anti-depressants and which is merely a way to manage symptoms. But yet, no proper drug therapy is found. The medications used in PTSD patients include Benzodiazepines, SSRIs, and atypical Anti-depressants. These drugs are mainly used to manage the symptoms, the symptoms include: Sleep disturbances, Emotional disturbances, Hyper-arousal, Numbness, Panic attacks. These drugs are given in combination to avoid the recurrences, and to improve sleeping patterns of the patient. These signs and symptoms are not persistent. It is normal to have signs and symptoms after a traumatic event. Researchers have proved that the patients with lesser intellectual abilities are more likely to suffer from it and are usually victims of severe cases of PTSD. Most survivors or sufferers are not always the victims. It is said that the time is the most effective medicine in the treatment (Bonnano, 2004). In the case of distinct minorities, the substance abuse, depression, anxiety emerges. (Kessler, Peterson, Lucia, 1999). Most epidemiological studies suggest that the traumas like wars, killings, kidnappings are actually happening in the developed countries. With increasing disaster rates, the patients are increasing drastically and are more difficult to manage. As the medical science is going through a vast development, a number of assessment tests have come into existence, which plays a crucial part in the diagnosis at the right time and then management therapy. Psychotherapy is slow and is also not a successful therapy, but if it goes along with the medication, the success rate is higher. Psychotherapy